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Selasa, 17 Mei 2011

RAGAM SERANGGA

 Serangga memiliki beragam spesies dan tersebar di seluruh penjuru dunia. dari hasil penelitian, tercatat bahwa lebih dari 800.000 spesies insekta sudah ditemukan. Terdapat 5.000 spesies bangsa capung (Odonata), 20.000 spesies bangsa belalang (Orthoptera), 170.000 spesies bangsa kupu-kupu dan ngengat (Lepidoptera), 120.000 bangsa lalat dan kerabatnya (Diptera), 82.000 spesies bangsa kepik (Hemiptera), 360.000 spesies bangsa kumbang (Coleoptera), dan 110.000 spesies bangsa semut dan lebah (Hymenoptera).[2].
Ordo Lepidoptera ketika fase larva memiliki tipe mulut pengunyah, sedangkan ketika imago memiliki tipe mulut penghisap. Adapun habitat dapat dijumpai di pepohonan [2]. Ordo Collembola memiliki ciri khas yaitu memiliki collophore, bagian yang mirip tabung yang terdapat pada bagian ventral di sisi pertama segmen abdomen [2]. Ada beberapa dari jenis ini yang merupakan karnivora dan penghisap cairan [2]. Umumnya Collembolla merupakan scavenger yang memakan sayuran dan jamur yang busuk, serta bakteri, selain itu ada dari jenis ini yang memakan feses Artropoda, serbuk sari, ganggang, dan material lainnya [2]. Ordo Coleoptera memliki tipe mulut pengunyah dan termasuk herbivore [2]. Habitatnya adalah di permukaan tanah, dengan membuat lubang, selain itu juga membuat lubang pada kulit pohon, dan ada beberapa yang membuat sarang pada dedaunan .[2]. Ordo Othoptera termasuk herbivora, namun ada beberapa spesies sebagai predator. [2].Tipe mulut dari ordo ini adalah tipe pengunyah. Ciri khas yang dapat dijumpai yaitu sayap depan lebih keras dari sayap belakang [2].
Ordo Dermaptera mempunyai sepasang antenna, tubuhnya bersegmen terdiri atas toraks dan abdomen [3]. Abdomennya terdapat bagian seperti garpu [3]. Ordo Diplura memiliki mata majemuk, tidak terdapat ocelli, dan tarsinya terdiri atas satu segmen. Habitatnya di daerah terrestrial, dapat ditemukan di bawah batu, di atas tanah, tumpukan kayu, di perakaran pohon, dan di gua. Ordo ini merupakan pemakan humus [3]. Ordo Hemiptera memiliki tipe mulut penusuk dan penghisap. Ada beberapa yang menghisap darah dan sebagian sebagai penghisap cairan pada tumbuhan. Sebagian besar bersifat parasit bagi hewan, tumbuhan, maupun manusia. Ordo ini banyak ditemukan di bagian bunga dan daun dari tumbuhan, kulit pohon, serta pada jamur yang busuk [3]. Ordo Odonata memiliki tipe mulut pengunyah. Umumnya Ordo ini termasuk karnivora yang memakan serangga kecil dan sebagian bersifat kanibal atau suka memakan sejenis. Habitatnya adalah di dekat perairan. Biasanya ditemukan di sekitar air terjun, di sekitar danau, dan pada daerah bebatuan [3].
Sub kelas Diplopoda memiliki ciri tubuh yang panjang seperti cacing dengan beberapa kaki, beberapa memiliki kaki berjumlah tiga puluh atau lebih, dan segmen tubuhnya menopang dua bagian dari tubuhnya [2]. Hewan jenis ini memiliki kepala cembung dengan daerah epistoma yang besar dan datar pada bagian bawahnya [2]. Habitatnya adalah di lingkungan yang basah, seperti di bawah bebatuan, menempel pada lumut, di perakaran pohon, dan di dalam tanah. Tipe mulutnya adalah pengunyah [2]. Beberapa dari jenis ini merupakan scavenger dan memakan tumbuhan yang busuk, selain itu ada beberapa yang merupakan hama bagi tanaman

Kemampuan Serangga

Kemampuan

  • Salah satu alasan mengapa serangga memiliki keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan yang tinggi adalah kemampuan reproduksinya yang tinggi, serangga bereproduksi dalam jumlah yang sangat besar, dan pada beberapa spesies bahkan mampu menghasilkan beberapa generasi dalam satu tahun.
  • Kemampuan serangga lainnya yang dipercaya telah mampu menjaga eksistensi serangga hingga kini adalah kemampuan terbangnya. Hewan yang dapat terbang dapat menghindari banyak predator, menemukan makanan dan pasangan kawin, dan menyebar ke habitat baru jauh lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan hewan yang harus merangkak di atas permukaan tanah. 
  • Umumnya serangga mengalami metamorfosis sempurna, yaitu siklus hidup dengan beberapa tahapan yang berbeda: telur, larva, pupa, dan imago . Beberapa ordo yang mengalami metamorfosis sempurna adalah Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, dan Hymenoptera.  Metamorfosis tidak sempurna merupakan siklus hidup dengan tahapan : telur, nimfa, dan imago. Peristiwa larva meniggalkan telur disebut dengan eclosion. Setelah eclosion, serangga yang baru ini dapat serupa atau beberapa sama sekali dengan induknya . Tahapan belum dewasa ini biasanya mempunyai ciri perilaku makan yang banyak .
Pertumbuhan tubuh dikendalikan dengan menggunakan acuan pertambahan berat badan, biasanya dalam bentuk tangga dimana pada setiap tangga digambarkan oleh lepasnya kulit lama (exuvium), dimana proses ini disebut molting . Karena itu pada setiap tahapan, serangga tumbuh sampai dimana pembungkus luar menjadi terbatas, setelah ditinggalkan lagi dan seterusnya sampai sempurna

Kingdom

Sabtu, 14 Mei 2011

The Legend of Samurai

MIYAMOTO MUSASHI

Born: 1584 AD
Died: 1645 AD, at 60 years of age.

Nationality: Japanese
Categories: Soldier 
Samurai (atau kadang-kala ) adalah istilah yang biasa digunakan bagi perwira zaman sebelum industri Jepang. Istilah yang lebih tepat adalah bushi (武士) (harafiah: "orang bersenjata") yang digunakan semasa zaman Edo. Bagaimanapun, istilah samurai digunakan sekarang bagi merujuk panglima bangsawan, bukan, contohnya, ashigaru atau tentara berjalan kaki.
Samurai tanpa ikatan dengan klan atau daimyo apapun dikenal sebagai ronin (harafiah: "orang ombak"). Rōnin juga adalah samurai yang telah mengorbankan wibawa mereka atau yang telah gagal melaksanakan seppuku (menghukum diri sendiri dengan mengeluarkan salah satu organ tubuh) agar dapat mengembalikan nama baik klannya. Samurai yang bertugas untuk para han disebut hanshi.
Samurai dianggap mesti bersopan dan terpelajar, dan semasa era Tokugawa beransur-ansur kehilangan fungsi ketentaraan mereka. Pada akhir era Tokugawa, samurai secara umumnya adalah kakitangan umum bagi daimyo, dengan pedang mereka hanya untuk tujuan istiadat. Dengan reformasi Meiji pada akhir abad ke-19, samurai dihapuskan sebagai kelas berbeda dan digantikan dengan tentera nasional menyerupai negara Barat. Bagaimanapun juga, sifat samurai yang ketat yang dikenal sebagai bushido masih tetap ada dalam masyarakat Jepang masa kini, sebagaimana aspek cara hidup mereka yang lain.



Baju Samurai


Etimologi
Perkataan samurai berasal pada sebelum Era Heian di Jepang di mana bila seseorang disebut sebagai saburai, itu berarti dia adalah seorang suruhan atau pengikut. Hanya pada awal zaman modern, khususnya pada era Azuchi-Momoyama dan awal periode/era Edo pada akhir abad ke-16 dan awal abad ke-17 perkataan saburai bertukar diganti dengan perkataan samurai. Bagaimanapun, pada masa itu, artinya telah lama berubah.
Pada era pemerintahan samurai, istilah awal yumitori (“pemanah”) juga digunakan sebagai gelar kehormat bagi sejumlah kecil panglima perang, walaupun pemain pedang telah menjadi lebih penting. Pemanah Jepang (kyujutsu), masih berkaitan erat dengan dewa perang Hachiman.
Berikut adalah beberapa istilah lain samurai.
* Buke (武家) – Ahli bela diri
* Kabukimono - Perkataan dari kabuku atau condong, ia merujuk kepada gaya samurai berwarna-warni.
* Mononofu (もののふ) - Istilah silam yang berarti panglima.
* Musha (武者) - Bentuk ringkasan Bugeisha (武芸者), harafiah. pakar bela diri.
* Si () - Huruf kanji pengganti samurai.
* Tsuwamono () - Istilah silam bagi tentara yang ditonjolkan oleh Matsuo Basho dalam
haiku terkemukanya. Arti harafiahnya adalah orang kuat.

Selasa, 10 Mei 2011

Maniac Narcotic

Dr. Meirschultz needs a dead body to test his life-giving serum, and the cadaver must be fresh. Why fresh? There is nothing worse than bringing a rotting someone back to life, then watching them stumble around the room, losing random mushy parts in the process. Besides committing murder with the intent of bringing the murdered soul back to life, the doctor's only option is to steal a body from the city morgue. The coroner is not likely to approve such a request. Coroners tend to discourage any sort of bedeviling with the bodies under their care, because once the coroner signs a death certificate, the deceased is supposed to stay dead.

Fortunately for the mad doctor, his assistant is a master of deception (due to vaudeville experience). With Maxwell disguised as the city coroner, Dr. Meirschultz gains access to the morgue. It is a smorgasbord of immaculate corpses! The doctor picks the perfect specimen for his experiment: a young woman who committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. Signs of life quickly return to the damsel, so the two men hustle her out before she wakes up completely and starts complaining about not being dead and not being properly dressed.

The poor coroner (meaning him - the real one) spends the next day at the police station with his assistant, trying to file a report that he, but not him, stole a corpse, and that his two employees saw him, but not he, do it. He was not him, because he was away (probably at home, having dinner with his wife), so the real problem is figuring out who he was, because it couldn't have been him. Besides, the assistant describes an older man with him, which does not fit the description of anyone he is known to consort with. The obvious course of action is to find the other man, and thus find him.

I am convinced that the English language is a major contributing factor in many cases of mental illness. Anyone who has written anything is not likely to argue with me.

Restoring life under optimum conditions is not enough for Dr. Meirschultz. He wants to resurrect someone whose vital organs are completely shattered (but not rotting, because then we get back into the icky stuff). The brilliant, yet obviously mad, physician already has a beating heart that he keeps in a jar. Flushed with the excitement from their earlier success, the doctor orders Maxwell to obtain another body immediately; one that is "more dead."

A nearby funeral home offers the best opportunity to snatch a corpse, but Maxwell's attempt to pilfer a cadaver is spoiled by a pair of scrapping housecats. The angry felines tear into each other with so much fury that the mortician comes to investigate. Maxwell scrambles out and flees down the empty street. Okay, so the street is not completely empty, because a cat and a small dog attack each other as Maxwell passes by.

It seems that Maxwell's personal aura causes hate and discontent in anyone (or thing) around him. Not the sort of person you want at the Armistice table, that guy.

Returning to Dr. Meirschultz's house, Maxwell reports his failure. The doctor is...disappointed. Actually, what takes place sounds something like this: "You didn't get it? I need a body. Here, take this gun. Now, shoot yourself! Shoot yourself so that I can fix you! Ha! Ha, ha, ha, ha!" **BANG** "You idiot, you shot me!" **THUMP**

Once Dr. Meirschultz is dead, the mentally unstable assistant completely loses it. The older man's strength of will was the only thing holding Maxwell's insanity in check. Before Maxwell can get his insane groove on, there is a knock at the door. Wouldn't you just know it, Mrs. Buckley is looking for the doctor. Her husband, Mr. Buckley, is having another one of his morosely deranged episodes. Maxwell excuses himself to look for Dr. Meirschultz, pulls out his disguise kit, and transforms himself into the spitting image of the dear departed doctor. He will transplant the previously prepared heart into the dead man, and resurrect Dr. Meirschultz with the crazy genius' own formula! But first, there is the little matter of the Buckleys...

Believing "something that is nothing is something better than nothing" the impersonator gives Mr. Buckley a shot and assures Mrs. Buckley that it will calm her husband down. Well, that might have been the case - had Maxwell injected the man with distilled water like he intended. Maxwell did not administer 60cc (it's a large syringe) of water. He accidentally gives Mr. Buckley a shot of opiates, horse adrenaline, or Mountain Dew. Whatever it was, the shot causes Mr. Buckley to develop an instant case of the screaming meemies. He freaks out and grabs the girl who was resurrected earlier (she has been aimlessly wandering around the house). The whole world is out to get him, so Mr. Buckley carries the pretty girl away to a secluded place. Once they have a bit of privacy, the energetic madman alternates between ripping the girl's clothes off and strangling her.

As you might imagine, Mrs. Buckley is taken aback by all of this. She gets another shock when she discovers Dr. Meirschultz's body. She does not see the face, just knows it is a body, and Maxwell continues his deception by telling her that it is himself (Maxwell), and that he committed suicide. Maxwell goes on to detail his plan to rekindle the spark of life in the dead body. Not one to pass up an opportunity, Mrs. Buckley agrees not to notify the police if she also benefits from the deal.

Almost forgot to mention (I must be losing my mind): whenever Maxwell has a psychotic episode scenes from an older movie about Satan and devils is superimposed over the film. At least some of these appear to be from Häxan.

Finally alone after Mrs. Buckley leaves, Maxwell encounters another hitch in his plans when the doctor's mean-natured grimalkin gets hungry and eats the reanimated heart! Maxwell deals with the situation quite calmly. He grabs the troublesome kitty and squeezes its eye out! The first time you see this it is pretty wild, because there obviously is not any movie magic going on. The actor playing Maxwell definitely grabs the cat playing the cat and pops the wailing animal's eye from its very socket! The trick is that the cat has a glass eye. Still, that scene is just incredible, and it gets even better because Maxwell croons over the eye before swallowing it, and the cat is either thrown or jumps through a glass window!

Elsewhere, the police are still investigating the case of the missing body. The officers of the law are getting closer to discovering Maxwell, but they keep getting distracted by the local weirdoes (who are all taxpayers). In fact, one of Dr. Meirschultz's cat raising neighbors confides to a detective that the doctor has been stealing his cats for experiments. He also tells the policeman that he is breeding rats and cats as part of home fur business. The cats eat the rats, the man skins the cats, then feeds the leftover cat carcasses to the rats. It is like a Möbius strip made of felis catus and Rattus norvegicus, and the twist is homo sapiens.

To paraphrase the prior pair of paragraphs: probable paranoid pontificator partakes of pussy's purloined peeper prior to porthole punting punishment; police puzzled.

Lacking a rejuvenated heart, there is no way that Dr. Meirschultz can be resurrected from the land of "Gave my assistant a pistol and the darn fool shot me instead of himself." Maxwell hides the body behind a brick wall in the basement.

Another kink in the story is Maxwell's estranged wife, Alice. She could care less about her worthless husband, and just spend all day laughing and joking with her girlfriends in her underwear, but the little trollop spots a newspaper article that Maxwell is the sole inheritor of a rich relative's estate. Well, that is a horse of a different color! Alice puts on her Sunday finest for a visit to Dr. Meirschultz's place. Won't her husband be surprised!

Yes, Maxwell is surprised. He is also mistrustful of his wife, and has noticed that same demonic "gleam" in the eye of Mrs. Buckley. The insane impersonator pits the two women against one another by telling each of them that the other woman is a dangerous psychopath. Maxwell provides both of the women with syringes filled with tranquilizer, then locks them in the basement together. Okay, that is one way to create complete bedlam in the basement. The two women go nuts, screaming and clawing at each other! Upstairs, Maxwell cackles with glee as he jumps up and down. A frog jumps across the cellar! Alice starts beating Mrs. Buckley with a piece of wood!

The police finally arrive and separate the shrieking women, and they take poor, insane Maxwell into custody. All of the characters go their merry ways, just a little less sane than when the story began. I guess in the case of Maxwell, you could say he is quite a bit less sane, and Dr. Meirschultz is dead, so nobody knows what his mental state has become.